# User Guide
While you are welcome to provide your own organization, typically a Cobra-based
application will follow the following organizational structure:
```
▾ appName/
▾ cmd/
add.go
your.go
commands.go
here.go
main.go
```
In a Cobra app, typically the main.go file is very bare. It serves one purpose: initializing Cobra.
```go
package main
import (
"{pathToYourApp}/cmd"
)
func main() {
cmd.Execute()
}
```
## Using the Cobra Generator
Cobra-CLI is its own program that will create your application and add any
commands you want. It's the easiest way to incorporate Cobra into your application.
For complete details on using the Cobra generator, please refer to [The Cobra-CLI Generator README](https://github.com/spf13/cobra-cli/blob/main/README.md)
## Using the Cobra Library
To manually implement Cobra you need to create a bare main.go file and a rootCmd file.
You will optionally provide additional commands as you see fit.
### Create rootCmd
Cobra doesn't require any special constructors. Simply create your commands.
Ideally you place this in app/cmd/root.go:
```go
var rootCmd = &cobra.Command{
Use: "hugo",
Short: "Hugo is a very fast static site generator",
Long: `A Fast and Flexible Static Site Generator built with
love by spf13 and friends in Go.
Complete documentation is available at https://gohugo.io/documentation/`,
Run: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
// Do Stuff Here
},
}
func Execute() {
if err := rootCmd.Execute(); err != nil {
fmt.Fprintln(os.Stderr, err)
os.Exit(1)
}
}
```
You will additionally define flags and handle configuration in your init() function.
For example cmd/root.go:
```go
package cmd
import (
"fmt"
"os"
"github.com/spf13/cobra"
"github.com/spf13/viper"
)
var (
// Used for flags.
cfgFile string
userLicense string
rootCmd = &cobra.Command{
Use: "cobra-cli",
Short: "A generator for Cobra based Applications",
Long: `Cobra is a CLI library for Go that empowers applications.
This application is a tool to generate the needed files
to quickly create a Cobra application.`,
}
)
// Execute executes the root command.
func Execute() error {
return rootCmd.Execute()
}
func init() {
cobra.OnInitialize(initConfig)
rootCmd.PersistentFlags().StringVar(&cfgFile, "config", "", "config file (default is $HOME/.cobra.yaml)")
rootCmd.PersistentFlags().StringP("author", "a", "YOUR NAME", "author name for copyright attribution")
rootCmd.PersistentFlags().StringVarP(&userLicense, "license", "l", "", "name of license for the project")
rootCmd.PersistentFlags().Bool("viper", true, "use Viper for configuration")
viper.BindPFlag("author", rootCmd.PersistentFlags().Lookup("author"))
viper.BindPFlag("useViper", rootCmd.PersistentFlags().Lookup("viper"))
viper.SetDefault("author", "NAME HERE <EMAIL ADDRESS>")
viper.SetDefault("license", "apache")
rootCmd.AddCommand(addCmd)
rootCmd.AddCommand(initCmd)
}
func initConfig() {
if cfgFile != "" {
// Use config file from the flag.
viper.SetConfigFile(cfgFile)
} else {
// Find home directory.
home, err := os.UserHomeDir()
cobra.CheckErr(err)
// Search config in home directory with name ".cobra" (without extension).
viper.AddConfigPath(home)
viper.SetConfigType("yaml")
viper.SetConfigName(".cobra")
}
viper.AutomaticEnv()
if err := viper.ReadInConfig(); err == nil {
fmt.Println("Using config file:", viper.ConfigFileUsed())
}
}
```
### Create your main.go
With the root command you need to have your main function execute it.
Execute should be run on the root for clarity, though it can be called on any command.
In a Cobra app, typically the main.go file is very bare. It serves one purpose: to initialize Cobra.
```go
package main
import (
"{pathToYourApp}/cmd"
)
func main() {
cmd.Execute()
}
```
### Create additional commands
Additional commands can be defined and typically are each given their own file
inside of the cmd/ directory.
If you wanted to create a version command you would create cmd/version.go and
populate it with the following:
```go
package cmd
import (
"fmt"
"github.com/spf13/cobra"
)
func init() {
rootCmd.AddCommand(versionCmd)
}
var versionCmd = &cobra.Command{
Use: "version",
Short: "Print the version number of Hugo",
Long: `All software has versions. This is Hugo's`,
Run: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
fmt.Println("Hugo Static Site Generator v0.9 -- HEAD")
},
}
```
### Returning and handling errors
If you wish to return an error to the caller of a command, `RunE` can be used.
```go
package cmd
import (
"fmt"
"github.com/spf13/cobra"
)
func init() {
rootCmd.AddCommand(tryCmd)
}
var tryCmd = &cobra.Command{
Use: "try",
Short: "Try and possibly fail at something",
RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
if err := someFunc(); err != nil {
return err
}
return nil
},
}
```
The error can then be caught at the execute function call.
## Working with Flags
Flags provide modifiers to control how the action command operates.
### Assign flags to a command
Since the flags are defined and used in different locations, we need to
define a variable outside with the correct scope to assign the flag to
work with.
```go
var Verbose bool
var Source string
```
There are two different approaches to assign a flag.
### Persistent Flags
A flag can be 'persistent', meaning that this flag will be available to the
command it's assigned to as well as every command under that command. For
global flags, assign a flag as a persistent flag on the root.
```go
rootCmd.PersistentFlags().BoolVarP(&Verbose, "verbose", "v", false, "verbose output")
```
### Local Flags
A flag can also be assigned locally, which will only apply to that specific command.
```go
localCmd.Flags().StringVarP(&Source, "source", "s", "", "Source directory to read from")
```
### Local Flag on Parent Commands
By default, Cobra only parses local flags on the target command, and any local flags on
parent commands are ignored. By enabling `Command.TraverseChildren`, Cobra will
parse local flags on each command before executing the target command.
```go
command := cobra.Command{
Use: "print [OPTIONS] [COMMANDS]",
TraverseChildren: true,
}
```
### Bind Flags with Config
You can also bind your flags with [viper](https://github.com/spf13/viper):
```go
var author string
func init() {
rootCmd.PersistentFlags().StringVar(&author, "author", "YOUR NAME", "Author name for copyright attribution")
viper.BindPFlag("author", rootCmd.PersistentFlags().Lookup("author"))
}
```
In this example, the persistent flag `author` is bound with `viper`.
**Note**: the variable `author` will not be set to the value from config,
when the `--author` flag is provided by user.
More in [viper documentation](https://github.com/spf13/viper#working-with-flags).
### Required flags
Flags are optional by default. If instead you wish your command to report an error
when a flag has not been set, mark it as required:
```go
rootCmd.Flags().StringVarP(&Region, "region", "r", "", "AWS region (required)")
rootCmd.MarkFlagRequired("region")
```
Or, for persistent flags:
```go
rootCmd.PersistentFlags().StringVarP(&Region, "region", "r", "", "AWS region (required)")
rootCmd.MarkPersistentFlagRequired("region")
```
### Flag Groups
If you have different flags that must be provided together (e.g. if they provide the `--username` flag they MUST provide the `--password` flag as well) then
Cobra can enforce that requirement:
```go
rootCmd.Flags().StringVarP(&u, "username", "u", "", "Username (required if password is set)")
rootCmd.Flags().StringVarP(&pw, "password", "p", "", "Password (required if username is set)")
rootCmd.MarkFlagsRequiredTogether("username", "password")
```
You can also prevent different flags from being provided together if they represent mutually
exclusive options such as specifying an output format as either `--json` or `--yaml` but never both:
```go
rootCmd.Flags().BoolVar(&u, "json", false, "Output in JSON")
rootCmd.Flags().BoolVar(&pw, "yaml", false, "Output in YAML")
rootCmd.MarkFlagsMutuallyExclusive("json", "yaml")
```
In both of these cases:
- both local and persistent flags can be used
- **NOTE:** the group is only enforced on commands where every flag is defined
- a flag may appear in multiple groups
- a group may contain any number of flags
## Positional and Custom Arguments
Validation of positional arguments can be specified using the `Args` field of `Command`.
If `Args` is undefined or `nil`, it defaults to `ArbitraryArgs`.
The following validators are built in:
- `NoArgs` - the command will report an error if there are any positional args.
- `ArbitraryArgs` - the command will accept any args.
- `OnlyValidArgs` - the command will report an error if there are any positional args that are not in the `ValidArgs` field of `Command`.
- `MinimumNArgs(int)` - the command will report an error if there are not at least N positional args.
- `MaximumNArgs(int)` - the command will report an error if there are more than N positional args.
- `ExactArgs(int)` - the command will report an error if there are not exactly N positional args.
- `ExactValidArgs(int)` - the command will report an error if there are not exactly N positional args OR if there are any positional args that are not in the `ValidArgs` field of `Command`
- `RangeArgs(min, max)` - the command will report an error if the number of args is not between the minimum and maximum number of expected args.
- `MatchAll(pargs ...PositionalArgs)` - enables combining existing checks with arbitrary other checks (e.g. you want to check the ExactArgs length along with other qualities).
An example of setting the custom validator:
```go
var cmd = &cobra.Command{
Short: "hello",
Args: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
if len(args) < 1 {
return errors.New("requires a color argument")
}
if myapp.IsValidColor(args[0]) {
return nil
}
return fmt.Errorf("invalid color specified: %s", args[0])
},
Run: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
fmt.Println("Hello, World!")
},
}
```
## Example
In the example below, we have defined three commands. Two are at the top level
and one (cmdTimes) is a child of one of the top commands. In this case the root
is not executable, meaning that a subcommand is required. This is accomplished
by not providing a 'Run' for the 'rootCmd'.
We have only defined one flag for a single command.
More documentation about flags is available at https://github.com/spf13/pflag
```go
package main
import (
"fmt"
"strings"
"github.com/spf13/cobra"
)
func main() {
var echoTimes int
var cmdPrint = &cobra.Command{
Use: "print [string to print]",
Short: "Print anything to the screen",
Long: `print is for printing anything back to the screen.
For many years people have printed back to the screen.`,
Args: cobra.MinimumNArgs(1),
Run: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
fmt.Println("Print: " + strings.Join(args, " "))
},
}
var cmdEcho = &cobra.Command{
Use: "echo [string to echo]",
Short: "Echo anything to the screen",
Long: `echo is for echoing anything back.
Echo works a lot like print, except it has a child command.`,
Args: cobra.MinimumNArgs(1),
Run: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
fmt.Println("Echo: " + strings.Join(args, " "))
},
}
var cmdTimes = &cobra.Command{
Use: "times [string to echo]",
Short: "Echo anything to the screen more times",
Long: `echo things multiple times back to the user by providing
a count and a string.`,
Args: cobra.MinimumNArgs(1),
Run: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
for i := 0; i < echoTimes; i++ {
fmt.Println("Echo: " + strings.Join(args, " "))
}
},
}
cmdTimes.Flags().IntVarP(&echoTimes, "times", "t", 1, "times to echo the input")
var rootCmd = &cobra.Command{Use: "app"}
rootCmd.AddCommand(cmdPrint, cmdEcho)
cmdEcho.AddCommand(cmdTimes)
rootCmd.Execute()
}
```
For a more complete example of a larger application, please checkout [Hugo](https://gohugo.io/).
## Help Command
Cobra automatically adds a help command to your application when you have subcommands.
This will be called when a user runs 'app help'. Additionally, help will also
support all other commands as input. Say, for instance, you have a command called
'create' without any additional configuration; Cobra will work when 'app help
create' is called. Every command will automatically have the '--help' flag added.
### Example
The following output is automatically generated by Cobra. Nothing beyond the
command and flag definitions are needed.
$ cobra help
Cobra is a CLI library for Go that empowers applications.
This application is a tool to generate the needed files
to quickly create a Cobra application.
Usage:
cobra [command]
Available Commands:
add Add a command to a Cobra Application
help Help about any command
init Initialize a Cobra Application
Flags:
-a, --author string author name for copyright attribution (default "YOUR NAME")
--config string config file (default is $HOME/.cobra.yaml)
-h, --help help for cobra
-l, --license string name of license for the project
--viper use Viper for configuration (default true)
Use "cobra [command] --help" for more information about a command.
Help is just a command like any other. There is no special logic or behavior
around it. In fact, you can provide your own if you want.
### Defining your own help
You can provide your own Help command or your own template for the default command to use
with following functions:
```go
cmd.SetHelpCommand(cmd *Command)
cmd.SetHelpFunc(f func(*Command, []string))
cmd.SetHelpTemplate(s string)
```
The latter two will also apply to any children commands.
## Usage Message
When the user provides an invalid flag or invalid command, Cobra responds by
showing the user the 'usage'.
### Example
You may recognize this from the help above. That's because the default help
embeds the usage as part of its output.
$ cobra --invalid
Error: unknown flag: --invalid
Usage:
cobra [command]
Available Commands:
add Add a command to a Cobra Application
help Help about any command
init Initialize a Cobra Application
Flags:
-a, --author string author name for copyright attribution (default "YOUR NAME")
--config string config file (default is $HOME/.cobra.yaml)
-h, --help help for cobra
-l, --license string name of license for the project
--viper use Viper for configuration (default true)
Use "cobra [command] --help" for more information about a command.
### Defining your own usage
You can provide your own usage function or template for Cobra to use.
Like help, the function and template are overridable through public methods:
```go
cmd.SetUsageFunc(f func(*Command) error)
cmd.SetUsageTemplate(s string)
```
## Version Flag
Cobra adds a top-level '--version' flag if the Version field is set on the root command.
Running an application with the '--version' flag will print the version to stdout using
the version template. The template can be customized using the
`cmd.SetVersionTemplate(s string)` function.
## PreRun and PostRun Hooks
It is possible to run functions before or after the main `Run` function of your command. The `PersistentPreRun` and `PreRun` functions will be executed before `Run`. `PersistentPostRun` and `PostRun` will be executed after `Run`. The `Persistent*Run` functions will be inherited by children if they do not declare their own. These functions are run in the following order:
- `PersistentPreRun`
- `PreRun`
- `Run`
- `PostRun`
- `PersistentPostRun`
An example of two commands which use all of these features is below. When the subcommand is executed, it will run the root command's `PersistentPreRun` but not the root command's `PersistentPostRun`:
```go
package main
import (
"fmt"
"github.com/spf13/cobra"
)
func main() {
var rootCmd = &cobra.Command{
Use: "root [sub]",
Short: "My root command",
PersistentPreRun: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
fmt.Printf("Inside rootCmd PersistentPreRun with args: %v\n", args)
},
PreRun: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
fmt.Printf("Inside rootCmd PreRun with args: %v\n", args)
},
Run: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
fmt.Printf("Inside rootCmd Run with args: %v\n", args)
},
PostRun: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
fmt.Printf("Inside rootCmd PostRun with args: %v\n", args)
},
PersistentPostRun: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
fmt.Printf("Inside rootCmd PersistentPostRun with args: %v\n", args)
},
}
var subCmd = &cobra.Command{
Use: "sub [no options!]",
Short: "My subcommand",
PreRun: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
fmt.Printf("Inside subCmd PreRun with args: %v\n", args)
},
Run: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
fmt.Printf("Inside subCmd Run with args: %v\n", args)
},
PostRun: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
fmt.Printf("Inside subCmd PostRun with args: %v\n", args)
},
PersistentPostRun: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
fmt.Printf("Inside subCmd PersistentPostRun with args: %v\n", args)
},
}
rootCmd.AddCommand(subCmd)
rootCmd.SetArgs([]string{""})
rootCmd.Execute()
fmt.Println()
rootCmd.SetArgs([]string{"sub", "arg1", "arg2"})
rootCmd.Execute()
}
```
Output:
```
Inside rootCmd PersistentPreRun with args: []
Inside rootCmd PreRun with args: []
Inside rootCmd Run with args: []
Inside rootCmd PostRun with args: []
Inside rootCmd PersistentPostRun with args: []
Inside rootCmd PersistentPreRun with args: [arg1 arg2]
Inside subCmd PreRun with args: [arg1 arg2]
Inside subCmd Run with args: [arg1 arg2]
Inside subCmd PostRun with args: [arg1 arg2]
Inside subCmd PersistentPostRun with args: [arg1 arg2]
```
## Suggestions when "unknown command" happens
Cobra will print automatic suggestions when "unknown command" errors happen. This allows Cobra to behave similarly to the `git` command when a typo happens. For example:
```
$ hugo srever
Error: unknown command "srever" for "hugo"
Did you mean this?
server
Run 'hugo --help' for usage.
```
Suggestions are automatic based on every subcommand registered and use an implementation of [Levenshtein distance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levenshtein_distance). Every registered command that matches a minimum distance of 2 (ignoring case) will be displayed as a suggestion.
If you need to disable suggestions or tweak the string distance in your command, use:
```go
command.DisableSuggestions = true
```
or
```go
command.SuggestionsMinimumDistance = 1
```
You can also explicitly set names for which a given command will be suggested using the `SuggestFor` attribute. This allows suggestions for strings that are not close in terms of string distance, but makes sense in your set of commands and for some which you don't want aliases. Example:
```
$ kubectl remove
Error: unknown command "remove" for "kubectl"
Did you mean this?
delete
Run 'kubectl help' for usage.
```
## Generating documentation for your command
Cobra can generate documentation based on subcommands, flags, etc. Read more about it in the [docs generation documentation](doc/README.md).
## Generating shell completions
Cobra can generate a shell-completion file for the following shells: bash, zsh, fish, PowerShell. If you add more information to your commands, these completions can be amazingly powerful and flexible. Read more about it in [Shell Completions](shell_completions.md).
## Providing Active Help
Cobra makes use of the shell-completion system to define a framework allowing you to provide Active Help to your users. Active Help are messages (hints, warnings, etc) printed as the program is being used. Read more about it in [Active Help](active_help.md).